Chapter # 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Conductor Material …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Copper ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Aluminum …………………………………………………………………………………………….
1 – 15
01
07
10
Chapter # 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Enclosure Material …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Aluminum Alloy …………………………………………………………………………………….
Steel ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Stainless Steel ………………………………………………………………………………………
Enclosure Losses …………………………………………………………………………………..
17 – 22
17
19
19
20
21
Chapter # 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Insulating Material ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Porcelain ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Glass …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Resin …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Polyester Films ……………………………………………………………………………………..
Insulating Gas (SF6 and g3) …………………………………………………………………….
23 – 41
23
27
29
30
37
38
Chapter # 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Processes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Welding ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Jointing ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Plating ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Painting ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Coating ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Galvanizing ………………………………………………………………………………………….
43 – 68
43
44
52
57
59
62
64
Chapter # 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Impedance …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Resistance ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Inductance …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Capacitance ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Voltage Drop ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Conductor Configuration …………………………………………………………………………
Induced Losses ……………………………………………………………………………………..
Power Loss & Capitalization ……………………………………………………………………
Principle Of Similitude …………………………………………………………………………..
69 – 100
69
69
84
89
91
93
95
100
100
Chapter # 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Ampacity …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Conduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Convection …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Radiation …………………………………………………………………………………………….
Solar Radiation …………………………………………………………………………………….
Conductor Shape ………………………………………………………………………………….
Rating ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
101 – 111
101
102
102
104
105
106
108
Chapter # 7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Short Circuit Forces ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Forces …………………………………………………………………………………………………
Stresses……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Deflection & Resonance ………………………………………………………………………..
Short Circuit Current Waveform……………………………………………………………….
113 – 132
113
113
126
128
129
Chapter # 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
Isolated Phase Bus (IPB) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Theory ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Design and Sizing …………………………………………………………………………………
Construction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
133 – 175
133
134
136
145
153
160
163
171
172
Chapter # 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
Non-Seg & Seg Phase Bus (Busduct) …………………………………………………………………
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Theory ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Design and Sizing …………………………………………………………………………………
Construction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
177 – 198
177
178
183
188
191
192
193
196
197
Chapter # 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
Sandwich Bus (Busway) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
199 – 212
199
200
207
209
210
212
Chapter # 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
Cast Resin Bus (CRB) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
213 – 223
213
214
218
221
222
222
223
Chapter # 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
Solid Insulated Bus (SIB) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
225 – 237
225
225
231
232
235
236
237
Chapter # 13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
Gas Insulated Bus (GIB) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
239 – 257
239
242
248
252
255
255
257
Chapter # 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
High Voltage Open Bus (HVOB) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
259 – 277
259
259
261
276
276
276
277
Chapter # 15
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
High Current Open Bus (HCOB) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
279 – 288
279
279
286
286
287
287
288
Chapter # 16
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
Cable Bus (CB) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Description ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Design ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Manufacture …………………………………………………………………………………………
Testing ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Installation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
Commissioning …………………………………………………………………………………….
289 – 303
289
291
294
299
300
301
303
Chapter # 17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
Busduct Accessories ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Conductor Expansion Joints …………………………………………………………………….
Enclosure Expansion Joints …………………………………………………………………….
Fire Separation Walls & Fire Stops …………………………………………………………..
Disconnecting Link ………………………………………………………………………………..
Sleeves & Seal Boots …………………………………………………………………………….
Anti-Condensation Heater ………………………………………………………………………
Filters, Breathers & Drain Plugs ………………………………………………………………
Tap Off Boxes ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Support Structure ………………………………………………………………………………….
305 – 318
305
305
308
310
313
313
315
316
317
317
Chapter # 18
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14
18.15
Generator Connection Accessories …………………………………………………………………..
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………
Generator Circuit Breakers ……………………………………………………………………..
Isolating Switches …………………………………………………………………………………
SPVT Cubicles ………………………………………………………………………………………
Neutral Grounding Cubicle ……………………………………………………………………..
Excitation Transformer Cubicle ………………………………………………………………..
Earthing Transformer Cubicles ………………………………………………………………..
Current Transformers (CT) ………………………………………………………………………
Forced Air Cooling Equipment ………………………………………………………………..
Pressurization Equipment ………………………………………………………………………
Hot Air Blower (HAB) …………………………………………………………………………….
Hydrogen Leak Detection ………………………………………………………………………
Hot Spot Temperature Monitoring ………………………………………………………….
Anti-Condensation Heater System ………………………………………………………….
Potential Discharge (PD) Monitoring ……………………………………………………….
319 – 346
319
319
326
327
332
336
337
338
341
342
343
344
345
345
346
APPENDIX
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Publications ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Books ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Standards …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Symbols & Units ………………………………………………………………………………….
Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………..
Index ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
——— xxx ———
.
347
354
355
356
359
361
363